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Old buildings that lack a balanced ventilation system or rely on supply- / exhaust-only ventilation units (e.g., whole house or bathroom exhaust fan) are plagued with poor air quality which results in undesirable odors, moisture accumulation, and mould growth. However, full-scale retrofits that can provide adequate ventilation may be financially prohibitive. On the other hand, centralized H/ERVs may not provide sufficient ventilation in modern buildings due to certain factors such as inadequate sizing, flow mal-distribution, flow imbalance, etc. As such, any inadequacy in the ventilation system can lead to high levels of indoor air pollution. Consequently, decentralized H/ERVs have potential applications in old and modern buildings.