These days, most consumers expect their products to last for only a few years. In the event of a malfunction, products can be discarded, donated for recycling, or perhaps repaired as a last resort. In fact, the average lifespan of consumer electronics has been reported to range from ~2 to 13 years. Apart from the malfunction of a product, other factors such as performance loss, emotional detachment, and social stimuli also contribute to premature product replacements and the result is an exacerbated electronic waste problem that is projected to reach 112 Mt by 2050. While repairs are desirable, some consumers do not purse this option due to the inexpensive prices of new products relative to the repair expenses of an older product that has malfunctioned.